CIVIL SERVICES EXAMINATION,2011

netic effect of consanguineous and cousin


marriages.

9.4 Chromosomes and chromosomal ab-

errations in man, methodology.

(a) Numerical and structural aberrations

(disorders).

(b) Sex chromosomal aberrations –

Klinefelter (XXY), Turner (XO), Super

female (XXX), intersex and other

syndromic disorders.

(c) Autosomal aberrations – Down syn-

drome, Patau, Edward and Cri-du-chat

syndromes.

(d) Genetic imprints in human disease,

genetic screening, genetic counseling,

human DNA profiling, gene mapping

and genome study.

9.5 Race and racism, biological basis of

morphological variation of non-metric and

metric characters. Racial criteria, racial

traits in relation to heredity and environ-

ment; biological basis of racial classifica-

tion, racial differentiation and race cross-

ing in man.

9.6 Age, sex and population variation as

genetic marker- ABO, Rh blood groups,

HLA Hp, transferring, Gm, blood enzymes.

Physiological characteristics-Hb level,

body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions

and sensory perceptions in different cul-

tural and socio-economic groups.

9.7 Concepts and methods of Ecological

Anthropology. Bio-cultural Adaptations –

Genetic and Non- genetic factors. Man’s

physiological responses to environmental

stresses: hot desert, cold, high altitude cli-

mate.

9.8 Epidemiological Anthropology: Health

and disease. Infectious and non-infectious

diseases. Nutritional deficiency related dis-

eases.

10. Concept of human growth and devel-

opment: stages of growth - pre-natal, na-

tal, infant, childhood, adolescence, matu-

rity, senescence.

- Factors affecting growth and develop-

ment genetic, environmental, bio-

chemical, nutritional, cultural and

socio-economic.

- Ageing and senescence. Theories and

observations - biological and chrono-

logical longevity. Human physique and

somatotypes. Methodologies for

growth studies.

11.1 Relevance of menarche, menopause

and other bioevents to fertility. Fertility pat-

terns and differentials.

11.2 Demographic theories- biological,

social and cultural.

11.3 Biological and socio-ecological fac-

tors influencing fecundity, fertility, natality

and mortality.

12. Applications of Anthropology: Anthro-

pology of sports, Nutritional anthropology,

Anthropology in designing of defence and

other equipments, Forensic Anthropology,

Methods and principles of personal identi-

fication and reconstruction, Applied human

genetics – Paternity diagnosis, genetic

counseling and eugenics, DNA technol-

ogy in diseases and medicine,

serogenetics and cytogenetics in repro-

ductive biology.

PAPER – II

1.1 Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civi-

lization — Prehistoric (Palaeolithic,

Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic -

Chalcolithic). Protohistoric (Indus Civiliza-

tion): Pre- Harappan, Harappan and post-

Harappan cultures. Contributions of tribal

cultures to Indian civilization.

1.2 Palaeo – anthropological evidences

from India with special reference to Siwaliks

and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus,

Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).

1.3 Ethno-archaeology in India : The con-

cept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and

Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fish-

ing, pastoral and peasant communities in-

cluding arts and crafts producing commu-

nities.



2. Demographic profile of India — Ethnic and

linguistic elements in the Indian population

and their distribution. Indian population - fac-

tors influencing its structure and growth.

3.1 The structure and nature of traditional

Indian social system — Varnashram,

Purushartha, Karma, Rina and Rebirth.

3.2 Caste system in India- structure and

characteristics, Varna and caste, Theories

of origin of caste system, Dominant caste,

Caste mobility, Future of caste system,

Jajmani system, Tribe- caste continuum.

3.3 Sacred Complex and Nature- Man-

Spirit Complex.

3.4 Impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and

Christianity on Indian society.

4. Emergence and growth of anthropology

in India-Contributions of the 18th, 19th and

early 20th Century scholar-administrators.

Contributions of Indian anthropologists to

tribal and caste studies.

5.1 Indian Village: Significance of village

study in India; Indian village as a social

system; Traditional and changing patterns

of settlement and inter-caste relations;

Agrarian relations in Indian villages; Im-

pact of globalization on Indian villages.

5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities and

their social, political and economic status.

5.3 Indigenous and exogenous processes

of socio-cultural change in Indian society:

Sanskritization, Westernization, Moderni-

zation; Inter-play of little and great tradi-

tions; Panchayati raj and social change;

Media and social change.

6.1 Tribal situation in India – Bio-genetic

variability, linguistic and socio-economic

characteristics of tribal populations and

their distribution.

6.2 Problems of the tribal Communities —

land alienation, poverty, indebtedness, low

literacy, poor educational facilities, unem-

ployment, underemployment, health and

nutrition.

6.3 Developmental projects and their im-

pact on tribal displacement and problems

of rehabilitation. Development of forest

policy and tribals. Impact of urbanization

and industrialization on tribal populations.

7.1 Problems of exploitation and depriva-

tion of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled

Tribes and Other Backward Classes. Con-

stitutional safeguards for Scheduled Tribes

and Scheduled Castes.

7.2 Social change and contemporary tribal

societies: Impact of modern democratic in-

stitutions, development programmes and

welfare measures on tribals and weaker

sections.

7.3 The concept of ethnicity; Ethnic con-

flicts and political developments; Unrest

among tribal communities; Regionalism

and demand for autonomy; Pseudo-tribal-

ism; Social change among the tribes dur-

ing colonial and post-Independent India.

8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Buddhism, Chris-

tianity, Islam and other religions on tribal

societies.

8.2 Tribe and nation state — a compara-

tive study of tribal communities in India and

other countries.

9.1 History of administration of tribal ar-

eas, tribal policies, plans, programmes of

tribal development and their implementa-

tion. The concept of PTGs (Primitive Tribal

Groups), their distribution, special

programmes for their development. Role

of N.G.O.s in tribal development.

9.2 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural

development.

9.3 Contributions of anthropology to the

understanding of regionalism, communa-

lism, and ethnic and political movements.

BOTANY

PAPER – I

1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology:

Structure and reproduction/multiplication

of viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi and my-

coplasma; Applications of microbiology in

agriculture, industry, medicine and in con-



trol of soil and water pollution; Prion and

Prion hypothesis.

Important crop diseases caused by viruses,

bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi and nema-

todes; Modes of infection and dissemina-

tion; Molecular basis of infection and dis-

ease resistance/defence; Physiology of

parasitism and control measures; Fungal

toxins; Modelling and disease forecasting;

Plant quarantine.

2. Cryptogams:

Algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pterido-

phytes - structure and reproduction from

evolutionary viewpoint; Distribution of

Cryptogams in India and their ecological

and economic importance.

3. Phanerogams:

Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymnos-

perms; Classification and distribution of

gymnosperms; Salient features of Cycada-

les, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales,

their structure and reproduction; General

account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales

and Cordaitales; Geological time scale;

Type of fossils and their study techniques.

Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, em-

bryology, palynology and phylogeny.

Taxonomic hierarchy; International Code

of Botanical Nomenclature; Numerical tax-

onomy and chemotaxonomy; Evidence

from anatomy, embryology and palynology.

Origin and evolution of angiosperms; Com-

parative account of various systems of clas-

sification of angiosperms; Study of

angiospermic families – Mangnoliaceae,

Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Ro-

saceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae,

Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae,

Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solan-

aceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Astera-

ceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Liliaceae,

Musaceae and Orchidaceae.

Stomata and their types; Glandular and

non-glandular trichomes; Unusual second-

ary growth; Anatomy of C3 and C4 plants;

Xylem and phloem differentiation; Wood

anatomy.

Development of male and female gameto-

phytes, pollination, fertilization; Endosperm

- its development and function; Patterns of

embryo development; Polyembroyony and

apomixes; Applications of palynology; Ex-

perimental embryology including pollen

storage and test-tube fertilization.

4. Plant Resource Development:

Domestication and introduction of plants;

Origin of cultivated plants; Vavilov’s cen-

tres of origin; Plants as sources for food,

fodder, fibre, spices, beverages, edible oils,

drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums,

resins and dyes, latex, cellulose, starch and

its products; Perfumery; Importance of Eth-

nobotany in Indian context; Energy planta-

tions; Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.

5. Morphogenesis:

Totipotency, polarity, symmetry and

dfferentiation; Cell, tissue, organ and pro-

toplast culture; Somatic hybrids and

Cybrids; Micropropagation; Somaclonal

variation and its applications; Pollen hap-

loids, embryo rescue methods and their

applications.

PAPER – II

1. Cell Biology:

Techniques of cell biology; Prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells - structural and ultrastruc-

tural details; Structure and function of ex-

tracellular matrix (cell wall), membranes-

cell adhesion, membrane transport and ve-

sicular transport; Structure and function of

cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria,

ER, dictyosomes ribosomes, endosomes,

lysosomes, peroxisomes); Cytoskelaton

and microtubules; Nucleus, nucleolus,

nuclear pore complex; Chromatin and nu-

cleosome; Cell signalling and cell recep-

tors; Signal transduction; Mitosis and meio-

sis; Molecular basis of cell cycle; Numeri-

cal and structural variations in chromo-

somes and their significance; Chromatin

organization and packaging of genome;



Polytene chromosomes; B-chromosomes

– structure, behaviour and significance.

2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evo-

lution:

Development of genetics; Gene versus al-

lele concepts (Pseudoalleles); Quantitative

genetics and multiple factors; Incomplete

dominance, polygenic inheritance, multiple

alleles; Linkage and crossing over; Meth-

ods of gene mapping, including molecular

maps (idea of mapping function); Sex chro-

mosomes and sex-linked inheritance, sex

determination and molecular basis of sex

differentiation; Mutations (biochemical and

molecular basis); Cytoplasmic inheritance

and cytoplasmic genes (including genet-

ics of male sterility).

Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids

and proteins; Genetic code and regulation

of gene expression; Gene silencing;

Multigene families; Organic evolution – evi-

dences, mechanism and theories.

Role of RNA in origin and evolution.

3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and

Biostatistics:

Methods of plant breeding – introduction,

selection and hybridization (pedigree,

backcross, mass selection, bulk method);

Mutation, polyploidy, male sterility and het-

erosis breeding; Use of apomixes in plant

breeding; DNA sequencing; Genetic engi-

neering – methods of transfer of genes;

Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects;

Development and use of molecular mark-

ers in plant breeding; Tools and techniques

- probe, southern blotting, DNA fingerprint-

ing, PCR and FISH.

Standard deviation and coefficient of varia-

tion (CV); Tests of significance (Z-test, t-

test and chi-square test); Probability and

distributions (normal, binomial and Pois-

son); Correlation and regression.

4. Physiology and Biochemistry:

Water relations, mineral nutrition and ion

transport, mineral deficiencies; Photosyn-

thesis – photochemical reactions; photo-

phosphorylation and carbon fixation path-

ways; C3,C4 and CAM pathways; Mecha-

nism of phloem transport; Respiration

(anerobic and aerobic, including fermen-

tation) – electron transport chain and oxi-

dative phosphorylation; Photorespiration;

Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis;

Lipid metabolism; Nitrogen fixation and

nitrogen metabolism; Enzymes, coen-

zymes; Energy transfer and energy con-

servation; Importance of secondary me-

tabolites; Pigments as photoreceptors

(plastidial pigments and phytochrome);

Plant movements; Photoperiodism and

flowering, vernalization, senescence;

Growth substances – their chemical na-

ture, role and applications in agri-horticul-

ture; Growth indices, growth movements;

Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity,

metal); Fruit and seed physiology; Dor-

mancy, storage and germination of seed;

Fruit ripening – its molecular basis and

manipulation.

5. Ecology and Plant Geography:

Concept of ecosystem; Ecological factors;

Concepts and dynamics of community;

Plant succession; Concept of biosphere;

Ecosystems; Conservation; Pollution and

its control (including phytoremediation);

Plant indicators; Environment (Protection)

Act.

Forest types of India - Ecological and eco-

nomic importance of forests, afforestation,

deforestation and social forestry; Endan-

gered plants, endemism, IUCN categories,

Red Data Books; Biodiversity and its con-

servation; Protected Area Network; Con-

vention on Biological Diversity; Farmers’

Rights and Intellectual Property Rights;

Concept of Sustainable Development; Bio-

geochemical cycles; Global warming and

climatic change; Invasive species; Envi-

ronmental Impact Assessment; Phytogeo-

graphical regions of India.









Employment News 19 - 25 February 2011







UPSC







41



CHEMISTRY

PAPER - I

1. Atomic Structure:

Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,

Schrodinger wave equation (time indepen-

dent); Interpretation of wave function, par-

ticle in one-dimensional box, quantum

numbers, hydrogen atom wave functions;

Shapes of s, p and d orbitals.

2. Chemical Bonding:

Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic com-

pounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber cycle;

covalent bond and its general characteris-

tics, polarities of bonds in molecules and

their dipole moments; Valence bond

theory, concept of resonance and reso-

nance energy; Molecular orbital theory

(LCAO method); bonding in H2+, H2, He2+to

Ne2, NO, CO, HF, and CN–; Comparison of

valence bond and molecular orbital theo-

ries, bond order, bond strength and bond

length.

3. Solid State:

Crystal systems; Designation of crystal

faces, lattice structures and unit cell;

Bragg’s law; X-ray diffraction by crystals;

Close packing, radius ratio rules, calcula-

tion of some limiting radius ratio values;

Structures of NaCl, ZnS, CsCl and CaF2;

Stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric de-

fects, impurity defects, semi-conductors.

4. The Gaseous State and Transport Phe-

nomenon:

Equation of state for real gases, inter-mo-

lecular interactions and critical pheno-

mena and liquefaction of gases, Maxwell’s

distribution of speeds, intermolecular col-

lisions, collisions on the wall and effusion;

Thermal conductivity and viscosity of ideal

gases.

5. Liquid State:

Kelvin equation; Surface tension and sur-

face energy, wetting and contact angle,

interfacial tension and capillary action.

6. Thermodynamics:



flow and relaxation methods; Collisions

and transition state theories.

10. Photochemistry:

Absorption of light; decay of excited state

by different routes; photochemical react-

ions between hydrogen and halogens and

their quantum yields.

11. Surface Phenomena and Catalysis:

Absorption from gases and solutions on

solid adsorbents, Langmuir and B.E.T. ad-

sorption isotherms; determination of sur-

face area, characteristics and mechanism

of reaction on heterogeneous catalysts.

12. Bio-inorganic Chemistry:

Metal ions in biological systems and their

role in ion transport across the membranes

(molecular mechanism), oxygen-uptake

proteins, cytochromes and ferredoxins.

13. Coordination Compounds:

(i) Bonding theories of metal complexes;

Valence bond theory, crystal field theory

and its modifications; applications of theo-

ries in the explanation of magnetism and

electronic spectra of metal complexes.

(ii) Isomerism in coordination compounds;

IUPAC nomenclature of coordination com-

pounds; stereochemistry of complexes

with 4 and 6 coordination numbers; che-

late effect and polynuclear complexes;

trans effect and its theories; kinetics of sub-

stitution reactions in square-planer com-

plexes; thermodynamic and kinetic stabil-

ity of complexes.

(iii) EAN rule, Synthesis structure and re-

activity of metal carbonyls; carboxylate

anions, carbonyl hydrides and metal ni-

trosyl compounds.

(iv) Complexes with aromatic systems, syn-

thesis, structure and bonding in metal ole-

fin complexes, alkyne complexes and

cyclopentadienyl complexes; coordinative

unsaturation, oxidative addition reactions,

insertion reactions, fluxional molecules and

their characterization; Compounds with

metal-metal bonds and metal atom clus-



Claisen, Cope, Stevens and Wagner-

Meerwein rearrangements.

(b) Aldol condensation, Claisen conden-

sation, Dieckmann, Perkin, Knoevenagel,

Witting, Clemmensen, Wolff-Kishner,

Cannizzaro and von Richter reactions;

Stobbe, benzoin and acyloin condensat-

ions; Fischer indole synthesis, Skraup syn-

thesis, Bischler-Napieralski, Sandmeyer,

Reimer-Tiemann and Reformatsky reactions.

3. Pericyclic Reactions:

Classification and examples; Woodward-

Hoffmann rules – electrocyclic reactions,

cycloaddition reactions [2+2 and 4+2] and

sigmatropic shifts [1, 3; 3, 3 and 1, 5] FMO

approach.

4. (i) Preparation and Properties of Poly-

mers: Organic polymers–polyethy-lene,

polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon, ny-

lon, terylene, synthetic and natural rubber.

(ii) Biopolymers: Structure of proteins,

DNA and RNA.

5. Synthetic Uses of Reagents:

OsO4, HIO4, CrO3, Pb(OAc)4, SeO2, NBS,

B2H6, Na-Liquid NH3, LiAlH4, NaBH4, n-BuLi

and MCPBA.

6. Photochemistry:

Photochemical reactions of simple organic

compounds, excited and ground states,

singlet and triplet states, Norrish-Type I and

Type II reactions.

7. Spectroscopy:

Principle and applications in structure elu-

cidation:

(i) Rotational: Diatomic molecules; isoto-

pic substitution and rotational constants.

(ii) Vibrational: Diatomic molecules, linear

triatomic molecules, specific frequencies

of functional groups in polyatomic mol-

ecules.

(iii) Electronic: Singlet and triplet states;

n * and * transitions; application to

conjugated double bonds and conjugated

carbonyls–Woodward-Fieser rules;

Charge transfer spectra.



deflection, moment distribution,

Rolling loads and Influences lines: Influ-

ences lines for Shear Force and Bending

moment at a section of beam. Criteria for

maximum shear force and bending Mo-

ment in beams traversed by a system of

moving loads. Influences lines for simply

supported plane pin jointed trusses.

Arches: Three hinged, two hinged and

fixed arches, rib shortening and tempera-

ture effects.

Matrix methods of analysis: Force method

and displacement method of analysis of

indeterminate beams and rigid frames.

Plastic Analysis of beams and frames:

Theory of plastic bending, plastic analysis,

statical method, Mechanism method.

Unsymmetrical bending: Moment of iner-

tia, product of inertia, position of Neutral

Axis and Principle axes, calculation of

bending stresses.

2. Design of Structures: Steel, Concrete

and Masonry Structures:

2.1 Structural Steel Design:

Structural Steel: Factors of safety and load

factors. Riveted, bolted and welded joints

and connections. Design of tension and

compression member, beams of built up

section, riveted and welded plate girders,

gantry girders, stancheons with battens

and lacings.

2.2 Design of Concrete and Masonry

Structures:

Concept of mix design. Reinforced Con-

crete: Working Stress and Limit State

method of design–Recommendations of

I.S. codes Design of one way and two way

slabs, stair-case slabs, simple and continu-

ous beams of rectangular, T and L sec-

tions. Compression members under direct

load with or without eccentricity, Cantile-

ver and Counter fort type retaining walls.

Water tanks: Design requirements for Rect-

angular and circular tanks resting on

ground.

Prestressed concrete: Methods and sys-

tems of prestressing, anchorages, Analy-



Work, heat and internal energy; first law of



ters.



(iv)



Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H



sis and design of sections for flexure based



thermodynamics.

Second law of thermodynamics; entropy

as a state function, entropy changes in vari-

ous processes, entropy–reversibility and

irreversibility, Free energy functions; Ther-

modynamic equation of state; Maxwell re-

lations; Temperature, volume and pressure

dependence of U, H, A, G, Cpand Cvá and

â; J-T effect and inversion temperature;

criteria for equilibrium, relation between

equilibrium constant and thermodynamic

quantities; Nernst heat theorem, introduc-

tory idea of third law of thermodynamics.

7. Phase Equilibria and Solutions:

Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase dia-

gram for a pure substance; phase equilib-

ria in binary systems, partially miscible liq-

uids–upper and lower critical solution tem-

peratures; partial molar quantities, their sig-

nificance and determination; excess ther-

modynamic functions and their determina-

tion.

8. Electrochemistry:

Debye-Huckel theory of strong electrolytes

and Debye-Huckel limiting Law for vari-

ous equilibrium and transport properties.

Galvanic cells, concentration cells; elec-

trochemical series, measurement of e.m.f.

of cells and its applications fuel cells and

batteries.

Processes at electrodes; double layer at

the interface; rate of charge transfer, cur-

rent density; overpotential; electro-analyti-

cal techniques: Polarography,

amperometry, ion selective electrodes and

their uses.

9. Chemical Kinetics:

Differential and integral rate equations for

zeroth, first, second and fractional order

reactions; Rate equations involving re-

verse, parallel, consecutive and chain re-

actions; branching chain and explosions;

effect of temperature and pressure on rate

constant; Study of fast reactions by stop-



14. Main Group Chemistry:

Boranes, borazines, phosphazenes and

cyclic phosphazene, silicates and sili-

cones, Interhalogen compounds; Sulphur

– nitrogen compounds, noble gas com-

pounds.

15. General Chemistry of ‘f’ Block Ele-

ments:

Lanthanides and actinides; separation,

oxidation states, magnetic and spectral

properties; lanthanide contraction.

PAPER - II

1. Delocalised Covalent Bonding:

Aromaticity, anti-aromaticity; annulenes,

azulenes, tropolones, fulvenes, sydnones.

2. (i) Reaction Mechanisms: General

methods (both kinetic and non-kinetic) of

study of mechanism of organic reactions:

isotopic method, cross-over experiment,

intermediate trapping, stereochemistry;

energy of activation; thermodynamic con-

trol and kinetic control of reactions.

(ii) Reactive Intermediates: Generation,

geometry, stability and reactions of car-

bonium ions and carbanions, free radicals,

carbenes, benzynes and nitrenes.

(iii) Substitution Reactions: SN1, SN2 and

SNi mechanisms; neighbouring group par-

ticipation; electrophilic and nucleophilic

reactions of aromatic compounds includ-

ing heterocyclic compounds–pyrrole, fu-

ran, thiophene and indole.

(iv) Elimination Reactions: E1, E2 and

E1cb mechanisms; orientation in E2 reac-

tions–Saytzeff and Hoffmann; pyrolytic syn

elimination – Chugaev and Cope elimina-

tions.

(v) Addition Reactions: Electrophilic ad-

dition to C=C and C=C; nucleophilic addi-

tion to C=0, C=N, conjugated olefins and

carbonyls.

(vi) Reactions and Rearrangements: (a)

Pinacol-pinacolone, Hoffmann, Beck-

mann, Baeyer–Villiger, Favorskii, Fries,



NMR): Basic principle; chemical shift and

spin-spin interaction and coupling con-

stants.

(v) Mass Spectrometry: Parent peak, base

peak, metastable peak, McLafferty rear-

rangement.

CIVIL ENGINEERING

PAPER – I

1. Engineering Mechanics, Strength of

Materials and Structural Analysis:

1.1 Engineering Mechanics:

Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Vectors,

Concept of Force, Concept of particle and

rigid body. Concurrent, Non Concurrent

and parallel forces in a plane, moment of

force, free body diagram, conditions of

equilibrium, Principle of virtual work,

equivalent force system.

First and Second Moment of area, Mass

moment of Inertia.

Static Friction.

Kinematics and Kinetics:

Kinematics in Cartesian Co-ordinates,

motion under uniform and nonuniform ac-

celeration, motion under gravity. Kinetics

of particle: Momentum and Energy prin-

ciples, collision of elastic bodies, rotation

of rigid bodies.

1.2 Strength of Materials:

Simple Stress and Strain, Elastic constants,

axially loaded compression members,

Shear force and bending moment, theory

of simple bending, Shear Stress distribu-

tion across cross sections, Beams of uni-

form strength.

Deflection of beams: Macaulay’s method,

Mohr’s Moment area method, Conjugate

beam method, unit load method. Torsion

of Shafts, Elastic stability of columns,

Euler’s Rankine’s and Secant formulae.

1.3 Structural Analysis:

Castiglianio’s theorems I and II, unit load

method of consistent deformation applied

to beams and pin jointed trusses. Slope-



on working stress, loss of prestress.

Design of brick masonry as per I.S. Codes

3. Fluid Mechanics, Open Channel Flow

and Hydraulic Machines:

3.1 Fluid Mechanics:

Fluid properties and their role in fluid mo-

tion, fluid statics including forces acting on

plane and curved surfaces.

Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid flow:

Velocity and accelerations, stream lines,

equation of continuity, irrotational and ro-

tational flow, velocity potential and stream

functions.

Continuity, momentum and energy equa-

tion, Navier-Stokes equation, Euler’s equa-

tion of motion, application to fluid flow prob-

lems, pipe flow, sluice gates, weirs.

3.2 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude:

Buckingham’s Pi-theorem, dimensionless

parameters.

3.3 Laminar Flow:

Laminar flow between parallel, stationary

and moving plates, flow through tube.

3.4 Boundary layer:

Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on

a flat plate, laminar sub layer, smooth and

rough boundaries, drag and lift.

Turbulent flow through pipes: Characteris-

tics of turbulent flow, velocity distribution

and variation of pipe friction factor, hydrau-

lic grade line and total energy line.

3.5 Open channel flow:

Uniform and non-uniform flows, momen-

tum and energy correction factors, specific

energy and specific force, critical depth,

rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, gradu-

ally varied flow, classification of surface

profiles, control section, step method of in-

tegration of varied flow equation.

3.6 Hydraulic Machines and Hydro-

power:

Hydraulic turbines, types classification,

Choice of turbines, performance param-

eters, controls, characteristics, specific

speed.